A kidney stone, also known as a renal calculus is a solid concretion or crystal aggregation formed in the kidneys from dietary minerals in the urine. Urinary stones are typically classified by their location in the kidney (nephrolithiasis), ureter (ureterolithiasis), or bladder (cystolithiasis), or by their chemical composition (calcium-containing, struvite, uric acid, or other compounds). About 80% of those with kidney stones are men. Men most commonly experience their first episode between 30 and 40 years of age, while for women the age at first presentation is somewhat later.

• Signs and symptoms
• Pain in the back, belly, or side
• Pain or burning during urination
• Urgent need to go
• Blood in the urine
• Cloudy or smelly urine
• Going a small amount at a time
• Nausea and Vomiting
• Fever and chills

Dietary factors that increase the risk of stone formation include low fluid intake and high dietary intake of animal protein, sodium, refined sugars, fructose and high fructose corn syrup, oxalate, grapefruit juice, apple juice, and cola drinks.

• Investigation for kidney stones

Ultrasound Whole Abdomen with Kidney, Ureter & Bladder (KUB)

Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP)

X-Ray KUB

Spiral CT plain and contrast

Spiral CT plain and contrast

Treatment of ureteric stones

Small ureteral stones with good chance of passage (

–allow time to pass (2 weeks)

–URS once a trial of Medical therapy fails

Large ureteral stones (>6mms)
–-ESWL
-–URS
–-Laparoscopic surgery
–-open surgery

Treatment of Renal /Upper ureteric stones
• Small stones may need no treatment
• ESWL
• RIRS
• PCNL/Mini perc

RIRS

PCNL/Mini perc